{"id":8272,"date":"2026-08-28T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-28T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/?p=8272"},"modified":"2026-08-28T01:00:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-28T01:00:00","slug":"water-hammer-in-pumping-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/es\/water-hammer-in-pumping-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Water Hammer in Pumping Systems: Causes and Prevention"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/water-hammer-pumping-systems-causes-prevention.png\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/water-hammer-pumping-systems-causes-prevention.png\"><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p>Field-style article image prepared for water hammer in pumping system.<\/p>\n<p>At 2:15 AM, the control room operator heard the distinctive bang echo through the facility&#8217;s main transfer pump station. Pressure gauges spiked to 485 psi\u2014nearly double the system&#8217;s 250 psi design pressure. By morning, maintenance crews discovered a ruptured 8-inch discharge line, two failed pipe supports, and a cracked check valve body.<\/p>\n<p>The root cause was a water hammer event triggered when the lead pump tripped offline unexpectedly. The sudden flow stoppage converted the liquid column&#8217;s kinetic energy into a destructive pressure wave that propagated through 600 feet of piping in milliseconds. Total damage exceeded $180,000 in equipment replacement and 36 hours of lost production.<\/p>\n<p>This failure pattern occurs across industries when pumping systems experience rapid flow rate changes without adequate protection. Water hammer results from sudden velocity changes in liquid columns (https:\/\/www.pumps.org\/pipelines\/water_hammer.html), creating transient pressure spikes that can exceed pipe and equipment design limits. Understanding the mechanisms, identifying vulnerable system configurations, and implementing engineering controls can prevent catastrophic failures.<\/p>\n<h2>Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Water hammer develops when sudden flow velocity changes convert kinetic energy into pressure waves that can exceed system design limits by 200% or more<\/li>\n<li>Pump trips, emergency shutdowns, and rapid valve closures are the primary triggers in industrial pumping systems, distinct from household plumbing scenarios<\/li>\n<li>Diagnostic differentiation from cavitation is critical: water hammer produces sharp pressure spikes at flow changes, while cavitation causes erosion at low-pressure points<\/li>\n<li>Prevention through system design\u2014controlling pipe velocities, minimizing elevation changes, and selecting appropriate valve types\u2014is more effective than adding mitigation equipment after installation<\/li>\n<li>Surge vessels, air chambers, soft starters, and slow-closing check valves each address specific system configurations and operating conditions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Understanding Water Hammer in Pumping Systems<\/h2>\n<h3>The Physics of Hydraulic Transients<\/h3>\n<p>Water hammer is a hydraulic transient phenomenon where a column of liquid undergoes sudden velocity changes, resulting in transient pressure spikes above and below average system pressure (https:\/\/www.pumps.org\/pipelines\/water_hammer.html). When flow stops abruptly, the fluid&#8217;s momentum cannot dissipate instantaneously.<\/p>\n<p>The kinetic energy of the moving fluid converts into internal energy (https:\/\/www.waterhammer.com\/), manifesting as a rapid pressure increase\u2014the positive pressure wave. This wave travels at the speed of sound in the liquid (approximately 4,700 feet per second in water) until it reflects from system boundaries like closed valves or dead ends.<\/p>\n<p>The reflected wave returns as a negative pressure surge, potentially causing column separation and subsequent collapse when flow resumes. This cycle can repeat multiple times, each iteration damaging pipe walls, supports, and connected equipment.<\/p>\n<h3>Pressure Wave Development and Propagation<\/h3>\n<p>The magnitude of pressure rise depends on the rate of velocity change, pipe material properties, and fluid characteristics. The Joukowsky equation provides the theoretical maximum pressure increase:<\/p>\n<p>\u0394P = \u03c1 \u00d7 a \u00d7 \u0394V<\/p>\n<p>Where:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0394P = pressure rise (psi)<\/li>\n<li>\u03c1 = fluid density (lb\/ft\u00b3)<\/li>\n<li>a = acoustic wave speed in the fluid (ft\/s)<\/li>\n<li>\u0394V = velocity change (ft\/s)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For water in steel pipe, a sudden stop from 10 ft\/s flow velocity can generate pressure spikes exceeding 400 psi. In systems operating near design pressure, this spike causes immediate failure.<\/p>\n<h3>Why Pumping Systems Are Vulnerable<\/h3>\n<p>Pumping systems face unique water hammer risks from pump start-ups, trips, relief events, and valve operations (https:\/\/www.waterhammer.com\/). Unlike gravity-fed systems, pumped systems involve powered acceleration and deceleration of large liquid masses.<\/p>\n<p>Emergency pump trips represent the highest risk scenario. When power loss or protective relay action stops a pump instantly, the entire discharge column decelerates within the check valve closure time\u2014typically 1-3 seconds for standard swing check valves. Long discharge lines, high operating velocities, and significant elevation changes amplify the severity.<\/p>\n<h2>Identifying Water Hammer: Diagnostic Indicators<\/h2>\n<h3>Characteristic Symptoms Specific to Water Hammer<\/h3>\n<p>Water hammer produces distinctive signatures that differentiate it from other pumping system problems. The most obvious indicator is audible banging or knocking, ranging from sharp metallic clangs to deep thuds depending on pipe size and pressure magnitude.<\/p>\n<p>Pressure gauge observations reveal the diagnostic pattern: rapid spikes followed by oscillating readings that gradually dampen. These transients occur coincident with flow changes\u2014pump starts, stops, or valve movements. Pressure magnitude may briefly exceed gauge maximum range, causing needle pegging.<\/p>\n<p>Physical evidence includes failed pipe supports, cracked fittings at direction changes, and damaged instrumentation. Flexible connections near pumps show excessive movement or premature wear. Repeated water hammer events cause fatigue failures at welds and threaded connections.<\/p>\n<h3>Distinguishing Water Hammer from Cavitation and Other Failures<\/h3>\n<p>Water hammer and cavitation produce different failure mechanisms (https:\/\/www.worldpumps.com\/content\/features\/frequently-asked-questions-water-hammer) despite both affecting pumping systems. The table below clarifies diagnostic differences:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Characteristic<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Water Hammer<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Cavitation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Mechanical Vibration<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Timing<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Coincides with flow changes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Continuous during operation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Constant at specific speeds<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Pressure pattern<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Sharp spikes, oscillating<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Localized low pressure<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Steady operating pressure<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Sound<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Banging, knocking<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Crackling, gravel-like<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Humming, rumbling<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Location<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Throughout piping system<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Pump suction, impeller<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Pump bearings, coupling<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Damage type<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Ruptured pipes, failed supports<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Eroded impellers, pitting<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Worn bearings, misalignment<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>Cavitation occurs when local pressure drops below vapor pressure, forming bubbles that collapse violently. This happens continuously in poorly designed suction systems, whereas water hammer is an event-driven transient.<\/p>\n<h3>Measurement and Monitoring Approaches<\/h3>\n<p>Confirming water hammer requires pressure measurement equipment capable of capturing rapid transients. Standard process gauges with dampened mechanisms cannot resolve pressure waves completing a cycle in under one second.<\/p>\n<p>High-speed pressure transducers with sampling rates above 100 Hz mounted at strategic locations\u2014near pumps, at high points, and before control valves\u2014capture the characteristic pressure-time profile. Digital recording allows post-event analysis of spike magnitude, duration, and frequency.<\/p>\n<p>Flow meters with fast response times document the velocity change triggering each event. Correlating flow and pressure data establishes causation and quantifies system vulnerability.<\/p>\n<h2>Root Causes in Pumping Systems<\/h2>\n<h3>Pump Operation Events<\/h3>\n<p>Most water hammer in pumping systems originates from pump starts, stops, or rapid valve position changes (https:\/\/www.worldpumps.com\/content\/features\/frequently-asked-questions-water-hammer). Normal pump shutdown sequences where operators follow controlled procedures rarely cause problems. Emergency conditions create the hazard.<\/p>\n<p>Power failures eliminate pump torque instantly while the check valve remains open. The discharge column reverses momentarily before the check valve seats, creating the initial pressure spike. Pump trip scenarios on high-head systems with long discharge lines represent maximum severity.<\/p>\n<p>Pump starts generate lower magnitude transients but still warrant consideration in systems with marginal design. Rapid acceleration from soft starters or variable frequency drives provides control over startup rates.<\/p>\n<h3>Valve Operations and Failures<\/h3>\n<p>Manual valves closed rapidly by operators or actuated valves with fast stroking times stop flow within seconds. Globe valves and ball valves present higher risk than gate valves due to flow restriction characteristics during closure.<\/p>\n<p>Check valve failures, particularly slam closure of swing check designs, rank among the most destructive water hammer causes. When pumps trip, the discharge column reverses and accelerates before striking the closing disc. Impact velocity determines pressure spike magnitude.<\/p>\n<p>Silent check valves, spring-loaded designs, and damped check valves reduce slam severity through controlled closure. Valve selection must account for system inertia and acceptable closure time.<\/p>\n<h3>System Configuration Factors<\/h3>\n<p>Long pipe runs accumulate greater liquid mass requiring deceleration. A 1,000-foot, 12-inch discharge line moving at 8 ft\/s contains over 45,000 pounds of water. Stopping this mass in two seconds generates substantial momentum forces.<\/p>\n<p>Elevation changes amplify water hammer effects. Pumping uphill loads check valves with static head plus momentum forces during reverse flow. Vertical rises also create column separation risk where negative pressure waves drop below vapor pressure.<\/p>\n<p>High operating velocities compound all water hammer mechanisms. Design guidelines recommend maximum velocities of 5-7 ft\/s for suction lines and 8-12 ft\/s for discharge lines. Exceeding these thresholds increases baseline energy requiring dissipation during transients.<\/p>\n<h2>Design Prevention Strategies<\/h2>\n<h3>Velocity Control Through Pipe Sizing<\/h3>\n<p>Prudent engineers address water hammer causes through system design before adding mitigation equipment (https:\/\/www.waterhammer.com\/mitigation\/). Proper pipe sizing maintains velocities within acceptable ranges for the application.<\/p>\n<p>The continuity equation governs velocity selection:<\/p>\n<p>V = Q \/ A<\/p>\n<p>Where:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V = fluid velocity (ft\/s)<\/li>\n<li>Q = flow rate (ft\u00b3\/s)<\/li>\n<li>A = pipe cross-sectional area (ft\u00b2)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For a 500 GPM pump (1.11 ft\u00b3\/s), selecting 6-inch schedule 40 pipe (area = 0.2006 ft\u00b2) yields 5.5 ft\/s velocity. Increasing to 8-inch pipe reduces velocity to 3.1 ft\/s, halving the kinetic energy requiring dissipation during stops.<\/p>\n<p>Larger pipe diameters increase material costs but reduce operational risks. Economic analysis should include water hammer damage probability and consequence costs.<\/p>\n<h3>System Layout Considerations<\/h3>\n<p>Minimizing discharge line length reduces the liquid mass subject to sudden deceleration. When site constraints require long runs, intermediate break tanks or pressure-sustaining valves segment the system into smaller hydraulic sections.<\/p>\n<p>Avoiding unnecessary elevation changes stabilizes pressure profiles and reduces column separation risk. When elevation changes are unavoidable, air release valves at high points and vacuum breakers prevent sub-atmospheric pressure conditions.<\/p>\n<p>Anchoring and pipe support design must account for transient forces exceeding steady-state loads by factors of 2-5. Support spacing follows manufacturer guidelines for the pipe material and expected pressure range, with additional restraints at direction changes.<\/p>\n<h3>Equipment Selection for Transient Mitigation<\/h3>\n<p>Choosing appropriate check valve styles reduces primary water hammer sources. Nozzle check valves and spring-loaded designs begin closing before flow reversal, limiting slam impact. Damped check valves incorporate dashpots or hydraulic mechanisms to control closure rate.<\/p>\n<p>Variable frequency drives (VFDs) or soft starters on motor-driven pumps prevent water hammer through controlled acceleration and deceleration ramps (https:\/\/benshaw.com\/blog\/water-hammer-in-pumping-systems-how-soft-starters-prevent-costly-pressure-surges). Programming gradual speed changes over 10-30 seconds eliminates abrupt flow transitions.<\/p>\n<p>Pump bypass systems with motorized valves allow discharge path maintenance during trips. Opening bypass valves as the pump stops dissipates momentum through an alternate route rather than sudden column deceleration.<\/p>\n<h2>Mitigation Equipment and Operational Controls<\/h2>\n<h3>Surge Protection Devices<\/h3>\n<p>When design optimization cannot eliminate water hammer risk, installing protection equipment becomes necessary. Device selection depends on system characteristics, available space, and operating requirements.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Device Type<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Operating Principle<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Best Applications<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Relative Cost<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Maintenance Needs<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Surge vessel<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Pressurized gas cushion absorbs pressure spikes<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>High-pressure systems, limited space<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>High<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Periodic gas charging<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Air chamber<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Atmospheric or low-pressure air volume<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Municipal water, moderate pressure<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Moderate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Air compressor required<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Surge arrester<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Spring-loaded valve opens on overpressure<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Retrofit applications, point protection<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Low<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Annual inspection<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Soft starter<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Controlled motor acceleration\/deceleration<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>New installations, retrofit with motor upgrades<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Moderate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Minimal electronic maintenance<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Slow-closing check valve<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Mechanical dashpot or hydraulic damper<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Pump discharge protection<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Moderate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Seal and damper service<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>Surge vessels and air chambers size according to the Joukovsky equation results and system volume. Rule-of-thumb sizing starts with 5-10% of discharge line volume, then refines through transient analysis modeling.<\/p>\n<h3>Operational Procedures<\/h3>\n<p>Standard operating procedures minimize water hammer occurrence through controlled valve operations. Written protocols specify minimum valve closure times\u2014typically 30-60 seconds for large manual valves\u2014based on system analysis.<\/p>\n<p>Sequencing pump shutdowns in multi-pump stations reduces individual transient magnitude. Stopping one pump while others continue operation maintains flow and prevents complete column deceleration.<\/p>\n<p>Operator training emphasizes recognizing conditions that increase water hammer risk: high flow rates, maximum head conditions, and simultaneous equipment operations. Emergency response procedures prioritize controlled shutdowns over immediate power removal when safety permits.<\/p>\n<h3>Calculation Example for Pressure Rise<\/h3>\n<p>Consider a pumping system with these parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Flow velocity: 10 ft\/s<\/li>\n<li>Pipe material: Steel (wave speed = 4,700 ft\/s)<\/li>\n<li>Water density: 62.4 lb\/ft\u00b3<\/li>\n<li>Sudden stop scenario (\u0394V = 10 ft\/s)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Applying the Joukowsky equation:<\/p>\n<p>\u0394P = \u03c1 \u00d7 a \u00d7 \u0394V = 62.4 lb\/ft\u00b3 \u00d7 4,700 ft\/s \u00d7 10 ft\/s = 2,932,800 lb\u00b7ft\/s\u00b2 per ft\u00b3<\/p>\n<p>Converting units (1 psi = 144 lb\/ft\u00b2):<\/p>\n<p>\u0394P = 2,932,800 \/ (144 \u00d7 32.2) = 632 psi<\/p>\n<p>This theoretical maximum assumes instantaneous valve closure. Real systems with finite closure times experience 30-60% of this value, still producing 190-380 psi spikes. A system designed for 200 psi operating pressure faces immediate failure without protection.<\/p>\n<h2>FAQs<\/h2>\n<h3>How do I know if my pumping system needs water hammer protection?<\/h3>\n<p>Systems requiring protection exhibit specific risk factors: discharge lines exceeding 300 feet, operating velocities above 8 ft\/s, elevation gains over 50 feet, or history of unexplained pipe failures. Conducting a formal transient analysis using specialized software provides definitive assessment for complex installations.<\/p>\n<p>Emergency shutdown scenarios represent the critical design case. If pumps can trip unexpectedly due to power failures, protective relay action, or operator emergency stops, protection equipment is necessary.<\/p>\n<h3>What is the difference between a surge vessel and an air chamber?<\/h3>\n<p>Surge vessels use compressed gas (typically nitrogen) at system pressure to provide an elastic cushion. The pressurized gas compresses further when pressure spikes occur, absorbing energy. These work effectively in high-pressure applications but require periodic gas recharging.<\/p>\n<p>Air chambers operate at atmospheric or low pressure and rely on larger volumes to accommodate pressure transients. They suit lower-pressure municipal and industrial water systems where space allows installation of larger vessels.<\/p>\n<h3>Can I add water hammer protection to an existing system?<\/h3>\n<p>Retrofit installations can incorporate surge arresters, slow-closing check valves, or air chambers at strategic locations. Surge arresters mount directly on piping and open automatically when pressure exceeds set points, providing economical protection for vulnerable sections.<\/p>\n<p>Replacing existing swing check valves with spring-loaded or damped designs addresses the primary failure mechanism during pump trips. VFD retrofits on pump motors provide the most comprehensive protection through controlled starts and stops.<\/p>\n<h3>How often should water hammer protection equipment be inspected?<\/h3>\n<p>Surge vessels require annual gas pressure verification and recharging as needed. Air chambers need quarterly inspection of compressor operation and water level. Slow-closing check valves undergo annual tear-down inspection of damper mechanisms and seals.<\/p>\n<p>Pressure monitoring systems capturing transient events should undergo monthly data review to identify developing problems before catastrophic failure. High-speed pressure transducers require annual calibration to maintain measurement accuracy.<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>Water hammer in pumping systems results from fundamental physics\u2014momentum conservation demands that sudden flow changes manifest as pressure transients. The engineering approach prioritizes addressing root causes through system design (https:\/\/www.waterhammer.com\/mitigation\/) rather than relying solely on protection equipment.<\/p>\n<p>The facility that experienced the 2:15 AM rupture could have prevented the $180,000 failure through several interventions: slower-closing check valves, reduced operating velocity through larger discharge pipe, or VFD-controlled pump deceleration. Post-incident analysis revealed the system operated at 12 ft\/s\u201450% above recommended limits\u2014with 800 feet of discharge line and standard swing check valves.<\/p>\n<p>When designing new pumping systems or evaluating existing installations, conduct formal transient analysis for any application involving long piping runs, significant elevation changes, or emergency shutdown requirements. The analysis cost represents a fraction of potential damage and downtime expenses. For complex systems or those handling hazardous fluids, engage specialized engineering firms experienced in hydraulic transient modeling.<\/p>\n<p>Proper attention to water hammer prevention protects equipment investment, maintains production reliability, and ensures safe operation across the facility lifecycle. Learn more about selecting appropriate equipment in our [industrial pump](\/) selection guide.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn how to identify, prevent, and mitigate water hammer in industrial pumping systems. Engineering guide covering causes, diagnostic methods, and practical solutions.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":8271,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[118],"tags":[119,208],"class_list":["post-8272","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pump-installation","tag-pump-installation","tag-water-hammer-in-pumping-system"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8272","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8272"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8272\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8272"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8272"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mislier.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8272"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}